Criminology Flashcards
Master Crime Theories & Criminal Justice

Society pressures individuals toward deviance when legitimate means to achieve cultural goals (e.g., wealth) are blocked. Merton's 5 modes of adaptation: Conformity, Innovation, Ritualism, Retreatism, and Rebellion. Explains why crime rates are higher in disadvantaged communities.

Deviance is not inherent to an act but focuses on the tendency of majorities to label minorities or those seen as deviant. Once labeled, individuals may internalize the 'deviant' identity (secondary deviance). Key thinkers: Becker, Lemert.

Sutherland's theory that criminal behavior is learned through interaction with intimate personal groups. Key principles: criminal behavior is learned (not inherited), learned in communication with others, and the learning includes techniques, motives, and rationalizations.

Visible signs of disorder and crime (broken windows, graffiti) encourage further crime and anti-social behavior. Policing minor offenses prevents escalation to major ones. Wilson & Kelling (1982). Criticized for leading to over-policing of minority communities.

Violent crimes: murder, rape, robbery, aggravated assault. Property crimes: burglary, larceny-theft, motor vehicle theft, arson. The UCR (Uniform Crime Report) collects data from law enforcement agencies nationwide. Part I offenses are the most serious crimes tracked.

The tendency of a convicted criminal to reoffend. US recidivism rate ~44% within first year, ~77% within 5 years of release. Factors: lack of education, substance abuse, unemployment, weak social bonds. Reducing recidivism is a key goal of rehabilitation programs.